Thursday, January 17, 2013

Kitty Wethmann

I checked this out on Snopes.com - it's still under research.
I googled Kitty Wethmann and came up with a plethora of sites.  One says she's president of South Dakota's Eagle Forum.  There's some credible folks at Eagle Forum for sure...
Regardless, if you know something about history, you know what she says was true for Austria - and could easily be true now or in the future for other countries INCLUDING AMERICA.  Remember the telegram boy in "Sound of Music?"  He was a young man who wanted to believe the best of Hitler.  Fiercely loyal - only he's loyal to the wrong thing.  One of my brothers is like him.  Me?  I want to be loyal to the Constitution of the United States as written by our founding fathers who came to North America to escape persecution.  They and their parents knew persecution first hand, and they knew what it would take to protect ourselves from it.  Fools are easily manipulated.  Our founding fathers were no fools.  This is 85-year-old Kitty's story...


“I am a witness to history.

“I cannot tell you that Hitler took Austria by tanks and guns; it would distort history.

If you remember the plot of the Sound of Music, the Von Trapp family escaped over the Alps rather than submit to the Nazis. Kitty wasn’t so lucky. Her family chose to stay in her native Austria. She was 10 years old, but bright and aware. And she was watching.

“We elected him by a landslide – 98 percent of the vote,” she recalls.

She wasn’t old enough to vote in 1938 – approaching her 11th birthday. But she remembers.

“Everyone thinks that Hitler just rolled in with his tanks and took Austria by force.”

No so.

Hitler is welcomed to Austria

“In 1938, Austria was in deep Depression. Nearly one-third of our workforce was unemployed. We had 25 percent inflation and 25 percent bank loan interest rates.

Farmers and business people were declaring bankruptcy daily. Young people were going from house to house begging for food. Not that they didn’t want to work; there simply weren’t any jobs.

“My mother was a Christian woman and believed in helping people in need. Every day we cooked a big kettle of soup and baked bread to feed those poor, hungry people – about 30 daily."

“We looked to our neighbor on the north, Germany, where Hitler had been in power since 1933.” she recalls. “We had been told that they didn’t have unemployment or crime, and they had a high standard of living.

“Nothing was ever said about persecution of any group – Jewish or otherwise. We were led to believe that everyone in Germany was happy. We wanted the same way of life in Austria. We were promised that a vote for Hitler would mean the end of unemployment and help for the family. Hitler also said that businesses would be assisted, and farmers would get their farms back.

“Ninety-eight percent of the population voted to annex Austria to Germany and have Hitler for our ruler.

“We were overjoyed,” remembers Kitty, “and for three days we danced in the streets and had candlelight parades. The new government opened up big field kitchens and
everyone was fed.

“After the election, German officials were appointed, and, like a miracle, we suddenly had law and order. Three or four weeks later, everyone was employed. The government made sure that a lot of work was created through the Public Work Service.

“Hitler decided we should have equal rights for women. Before this, it was a custom that married Austrian women did not work outside the home. An able-bodied husband would be looked down on if he couldn’t support his family. Many women in the teaching profession were elated that they could retain the jobs they previously had been required to give up for marriage.

“Then we lost religious education for kids.

“Our education was nationalized. I attended a very good public school.. The population was predominantly Catholic, so we had religion in our schools. The day we elected Hitler (March 13, 1938), I walked into my schoolroom to find the crucifix replaced by Hitler’s picture hanging next to a Nazi flag. Our teacher, a very devout woman, stood up and told the class we wouldn’t pray or have religion anymore. Instead, we sang ‘Deutschland, Deutschland, Uber Alles,’ and had physical education.

“Sunday became National Youth Day with compulsory attendance. Parents were not pleased about the sudden change in curriculum. They were told that if they did not send us, they would receive a stiff letter of warning the first time. The second time they would be fined the equivalent of $300, and the third time they would be subject to jail.”

And then things got worse.

“The first two hours consisted of political indoctrination. The rest of the day we had sports. As time went along, we loved it. Oh, we had so much fun and got our sports equipment free.

“We would go home and gleefully tell our parents about the wonderful time we had.

“My mother was very unhappy,” remembers Kitty. “When the next term started, she took me out of public school and put me in a convent. I told her she couldn’t do that and she told me that someday when I grew up, I would be grateful. There was a very good curriculum, but hardly any fun – no sports, and no political indoctrination.

“I hated it at first but felt I could tolerate it. Every once in a while, on holidays, I went home. I would go back to my old friends and ask what was going on and what they were doing.

“Their loose lifestyle was very alarming to me. They lived without religion. By that time, unwed mothers were glorified for having a baby for Hitler.

“It seemed strange to me that our society changed so suddenly. As time went along, I realized what a great deed my mother did so that I wasn’t exposed to that kind of humanistic philosophy.

“In 1939, the war started, and a food bank was established. All food was rationed and could only be purchased using food stamps. At the same time, a full-employment law was passed which meant if you didn’t work, you didn’t get a ration card, and, if you didn’t have a card, you starved to death.

“Women who stayed home to raise their families didn’t have any marketable skills and often had to take jobs more suited for men.

“Soon after this, the draft was implemented.

“It was compulsory for young people, male and female, to give one year to the labor corps,” remembers Kitty. “During the day, the girls worked on the farms, and at night they returned to their barracks for military training just like the boys.

“They were trained to be anti-aircraft gunners and participated in the signal corps. After the labor corps, they were not discharged but were used in the front lines.

“When I go back to Austria to visit my family and friends, most of these women are emotional cripples because they just were not equipped to handle the horrors of combat.

“Three months before I turned 18, I was severely injured in an air raid attack. I nearly had a leg amputated, so I was spared having to go into the labor corps and into military service.

“When the mothers had to go out into the work force, the government immediately established child care centers.

“You could take your children ages four weeks old to school age and leave them there around-the-clock, seven days a week, under the total care of the government.

“The state raised a whole generation of children. There were no motherly women to take care of the children, just people highly trained in child psychology. By this time, no one talked about equal rights. We knew we had been had.

“Before Hitler, we had very good medical care. Many American doctors trained at the University of Vienna..

“After Hitler, health care was socialized, free for everyone. Doctors were salaried by the government. The problem was, since it was free, the people were going to the doctors for everything.

“When the good doctor arrived at his office at 8 a.m., 40 people were already waiting and, at the same time, the hospitals were full.

“If you needed elective surgery, you had to wait a year or two for your turn. There was no money for research as it was poured into socialized medicine. Research at the medical schools literally stopped, so the best doctors left Austria and emigrated to other countries.

“As for healthcare, our tax rates went up to 80 percent of our income. Newlyweds immediately received a $1,000 loan from the government to establish a household. We had big programs for families.

“All day care and education were free. High schools were taken over by the government and college tuition was subsidized. Everyone was entitled to free handouts, such as food stamps, clothing, and housing.

“We had another agency designed to monitor business. My brother-in-law owned a restaurant that had square tables.

“Government officials told him he had to replace them with round tables because people might bump themselves on the corners. Then they said he had to have additional bathroom facilities. It was just a small dairy business with a snack bar. He couldn’t meet all the demands.

“Soon, he went out of business. If the government owned the large businesses and not many small ones existed, it could be in control.

“We had consumer protection, too

“We were told how to shop and what to buy. Free enterprise was essentially abolished. We had a planning agency specially designed for farmers. The agents would go to the farms, count the livestock, and then tell the farmers what to produce, and how to produce it.

“In 1944, I was a student teacher in a small village in the Alps. The villagers were surrounded by mountain passes which, in the winter, were closed off with snow, causing people to be isolated.

“So people intermarried and offspring were sometimes retarded. When I arrived, I was told there were 15 mentally retarded adults, but they were all useful and did good manual work.

“I knew one, named Vincent, very well. He was a janitor of the school. One day I looked out the window and saw Vincent and others getting into a van.

“I asked my superior where they were going. She said to an institution where the State Health Department would teach them a trade, and to read and write. The families were required to sign papers with a little clause that they could not visit for 6 months.

“They were told visits would interfere with the program and might cause homesickness.

“As time passed, letters started to dribble back saying these people died a natural, merciful death. The villagers were not fooled. We suspected what was happening. Those people left in excellent physical health and all died within 6 months. We called this euthanasia.

“Next came gun registration. People were getting injured by guns. Hitler said that the real way to catch criminals (we still had a few) was by matching serial numbers on guns. Most citizens were law-abiding and dutifully marched to the police station to register their firearms. Not long afterwards, the police said that it was best for everyone to turn in their guns. The authorities already knew who had them, so it was futile not to comply voluntarily.

“No more freedom of speech. Anyone who said something against the government was taken away. We knew many people who were arrested, not only Jews, but also priests and ministers who spoke up.

“Totalitarianism didn’t come quickly, it took 5 years from 1938 until 1943, to realize full dictatorship in Austria. Had it happened overnight, my countrymen would have fought to the last breath. Instead, we had creeping gradualism. Now, our only weapons were broom handles. The whole idea sounds almost unbelievable that the state, little by little eroded our freedom.”

“This is my eyewitness account.

“It’s true. Those of us who sailed past the Statue of Liberty came to a country of unbelievable freedom and opportunity.

“America is truly is the greatest country in the world. “Don’t let freedom slip away.

“After America, there is no place to go.”

                                                                                          -- Kitty Wethmann

Agassiz - A Creationist!

I'm naturally thinking that this name, Agassiz, is Native American in origin.  Think again, my little chickadee!  Turns out that it is Swiss - from the 1800's.  Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz was born in 1807.  Over the next 60-odd years he became a Swiss paleontologist, glaciologist, geologist and a prominent innovator in the study of Earth's natural history.

After getting his education in Lausanne, Switzerland, and Zurich, Heidelberg, Munich, Erlangen, and in Paris under Humboldt (ever heard of the Humboldt Current in the ocean?) and Georges Cuvier, he received doctoral degrees in Philosophy and Medicine and branched out into the studies of geology, zoology, and ichthyology (the study of fishes).  This was one very, very smart very, very busy dude!

In 1837, Agassiz was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had been subject to a past ice age.  He was so intrigued with this concept that he had a hut built on one of the Swiss glaciers, and he lived there just so he could study the glacier and glacial ice movement.  (Hmmm.  Glaciers don't move very fast.  I wonder how long he lived there?!)  By 1840 he had published a "Study on Glaciers," discussing their movements (learned in part, I'm sure, by investigating what the glaciers had left behind at the end of the last ice age.)  From his studies he concluded - for the first time - that in the geographically-recent past Switzerland had been just like Greenland - one huge, solid sheet of ice, as thick in some places as the Jura mountains were tall!  He was a tremendously well-respected scientist.

When Agassiz was invited to the Lowell Institute in Boston in 1846, the King of Prussia granted him the finances to accomplish the journey.  (How cool is that?  That a King would pay your way!)  He was to deliver a dozen lectures on "The Plan of Creation as shown in the Animal Kingdom."  While in America he also wanted to investigate its natural history and geology.

But, let's go back to the "Plan of Creation..." thing.  Here is a guy that one could arguably say was the preeminent authority on all things living - including the earth!  And he wants to lecture on the Plan of CREATION.  Alrighty!!

According to Wikipedia:   "Agassiz was a creationist who believed nature had order because God has created it directly, and Agassiz viewed his career in science as a search for ideas in the mind of the Creator expressed in creation. Agassiz denied that migration and adaptation could account for the geographical age or any of the past. Adaptation takes time; in an example, Agassiz questioned how  plants or animals could migrate through regions they were not equipped to handle. According to Agassiz the conditions in which particular creatures live “are the conditions necessary to their maintenance, and what, among organized beings, is essential to their temporal existence must be at least one of the conditions under which they were created”.

Controversial then and probably even more so now, Agassiz thought that God did not just create one man.  He believed that, just as God had created many different kinds of animals depending on the climate they might live in, God created the "species" of mankind, but put several "adaptations" of man around the globe.  Remember now, he was a scientist, not a racist, so put on your scientific thinking cap on for a few minutes.  That's a pretty intriguing concept, eh?  It's called the Theory (because there's no proof) of Polygenism.  According to Agassiz’s theory of polygenism all species are fixed, including all the races of humans, and species do not evolve into other species.


Even though Agassiz was a believer in polygenism he rejected racism and supported the notion of a spiritualized human unity. He claimed human polygenism did not undermine the spiritual commonality of all people, even though each race was physically diverse.  Agassiz believed God had made all men equal.  He said:
Those intellectual and moral qualities which are so eminently developed in civilized society, but which equally exist in the natural dispositions of all human races, constitute the higher unity among men, making them all equal before God.
According to Agassiz, species, in their natures and geographical distribution, were direct expressions of the intelligence and will of God, not the results of blind chance. Agassiz believed evolution was an insult to the wisdom and will of God.  WOW!

The Scopes Trial, bringing the evolutionist's theory to all the world, didn't happen until 1925.  Interestingly enough, it TOO is just a theory.  Hello!! T-h-e-o-r-y.


Well, there's lots more to this.  I just thought it was pretty unique.  I had never heard the theory before.

Agassiz ultimately made America his home and left a long lineage of wonderful American descendants.

But back to the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge.  It, (and a gazillion other places world wide) I'm guessin' was named to honor Agassiz's work in all things animal and mineral.  And now you know the Theory of Polygenism!

Wednesday, January 16, 2013

Neighboring Minnesota's Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge

Today we're headed across the Red River of the North into Minnesota.  Folks at the hospital told Granpa that if you get far enough into Minnesota there are scenic roads and some cool stuff.  So we're off!

Jeepers!  Look at all those lakes and rivers!!  No wonder it's called the Land of 10,000 Lakes!!


Not that lakes and rivers do much good in the winter time.  The rivers are frozen more solid than the lakes.  Folks use them for snowmobiling nowadays, but I'd just bet you a hundred years ago they were used by horses and maybe even dog sleds.  (Well, maybe it's too far south for dog sleds.)  That stripe down the middle is pure ice.

We see river ice fishing here in CrookstonMinnesota:

 Beautiful sky!  And all of those trees are coated in ice.  It's really, really pretty!

We're tootlin' down the highway, and I see a sign pointing to the Agassiz National Wildlife Refuge.  I read in some of our touristy stuff that there's MOOSE there!  Ah, what the heck, why not, says Granpa, and we hang a left.  Going north is not going to bring us any warmer weather nor greener grass (duh!), but we just might see something of interest.

Yuppers!  There on the side of the road is a bunch of great big ol' deer - white tail deer, judging from the way they raised those white "flags" and headed for the tree line.



They stop for a minute or two, way far away, and study us, then decide we are indecipherable, turn and head into the stand of trees.  Thanks, guys, for the look-see.  We appreciate it.  Sorry to trouble you!

The farther north we head the smaller the road gets.  Could be not a good idea to go on, but if the rivers and lakes are frozen enough to support a car or truck, we're guessin' there won't be a muddy road in the whole state for us to get stuck on.

Finally we see another sign for the Refuge and hang a right onto a gravel road.  It's a wide, well-maintained gravel road, so we don't even hesitate.  We do, however, seem to be the only people in this northwest corner of Minnesota...

Another couple of deer, and another.  Granpa got this one on the fly:


There's a second one to the right, but you have to do a "Where's Waldo" to find him.

And that was it for the Wildlife Refuge.  No moose, just in the west side, out the east side, and nothing to show for it but a few deer.  But, okay.  We're just out for the ride anyway.  You grandkids know us well enough to know the ride is what is all about, eh?  And God was good enough to give us a few critters to appreciate.  Thank you, Lord.


Tuesday, January 15, 2013

Spirit Lake Tribe

The Spirit Lake Tribe is part of the Sioux Nation.   The almost 1300 acre reservation was established in 1867 in a treaty between Sisseton Wahpeton band of Indians and the U.S. government.

In the 2000 census there were about 4,400 tribal members living on the "Res," and by 2005 the Bureau of Indian Affairs (yes, there is still a Bureau of Indian Affairs) shows more than 6,600.

Remember my saying a couple of days ago how "not pretty" reservations are?  Well, maybe it's because there was a 47.3% unemployment rate in the year 2000 - even with casino work.

I copied this Obama 2012 Budget (Proposal?) from the Department of the Interior website which the Bureau of Indian Affairs is under (not that it matters because Obama hasn't had an official budget during his 4 years in office...)

Strengthening Tribal Nations

The 2012 Budget for Indian programs is $2.5 billion, a decrease of $118.9 million from the 2010 enacted/2011 CR. The major reductions include: completion of a one-time $50 million forward funding payment to tribal colleges; $14.4 million for completed settlements; $5.1 million from the Indian Guaranteed Loan program, while the program undergoes a review; $14.2 million from central oversight consistent with increased contracting to Tribes; and $27.0 million for Trust Real Estate Services.

The Budget includes $29.5 million for contract support and the Indian Self-Determination Fund. These funds will enable Tribes to fulfill administrative requirements associated with operating programs.

Honoring trust responsibilities and Strengthening Tribal Nations: The 2012 Budget includes $354.7 million for Bureau of Indian Affairs public safety and justice program operations to improve the safety of Indian communities. The goal is to achieve a reduction in crime of at least five percent within 24 months on targeted tribal reservations through a comprehensive and coordinated strategy. This request is a program increase of $20.0 million above the 2010 enacted/2011 CR.

American Indian land and water settlements: The 2012 Budget also includes $26.7 million to begin implementation of the Claims Resolution Act of 2010, which includes four water settlements for Taos Pueblo of New Mexico, Pueblos of New Mexico named in the Aamodt case, the Crow Tribe of Montana, and the White Mountain Apache Tribe of Arizona. Primary responsibility for constructing water systems funded by the settlements was given to the Bureau of Reclamation, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs is responsible for the majority of the trust funds. This funding is in addition to mandatory appropriations for these settlements.

 * * * * * * * *

From the BIA.gov (Bureau of Indian Affairs) website I copied this:

Services Overview

The United States has a unique legal and political relationship with Indian tribes and Alaska Native entities as provided by the Constitution of the United States, treaties, court decisions and Federal statutes. Within the government-to-government relationship, Indian Affairs provides services directly or through contracts, grants, or compacts to 566 Federally recognized tribes.

And this:

How large is the national American Indian and Alaska Native population?
According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the estimated population of American Indians and Alaska Natives, including those of more than one race, as of July 1, 2007, was 4.5 million, or 1.5 per cent of the total U.S. population.  In the BIA’s 2005 American Indian Population and Labor Force Report, the latest available, the total number of enrolled members of the (then) 561 federally recognized tribes was shown to be less than half the Census number, or 1,978,099.

Now, WHY do we still have reservations?  Isn't a reservation almost like a prisoner-of-war camp?  Sure, they can come and go whenever they want, but why not divvy up the reservation land, give it to individuals of the tribe, and I would bet you that they will begin to take care of their little piece of the world in a way that they do not now do.  Maybe the tribal leaders don't want that because the tribe will lose their identity?

It wasn't until 1948 that all the legal rigamarole got resolved and all Native Americans got the right to vote.  (And African-Americans think THEY had it bad!!)  There is a super website that I won't even attempt to paraphrase that, if you are even a little interested, you should go to:  


Remember that movie, "Windtalkers," about the Native American's code talk during World War II?  Keep that in mind as you read that website.

Monday, January 14, 2013

More On Our Home In North Dakota

This is looking down the street in front of our house.



This is looking into our garage with our sweet lil' Toyota van snuggled happily in there.


This is our back yard in the rosy glow of a sunset.


In the bottom of the photo you see my friendly white bunny has been by for a visit!


Sunday, January 13, 2013

Spirit Lake Indian Reservation

So this weekend we've decided to mosey south to Fargo and then west to Jamestown.  If we stay on the Interstates, travel should be no problem.

Our lil' home away from home

Shortly, the skies clear out, and we begin to look down the side roads. I suggest we cut the trip much shorter by taking a step-down from the Interstate but still a good road, State Highway 200.  It's almost a straight shot west to Carrington.  From there we'll head north to Devil's Lake.


For miles and miles we are in the middle of nowhere.  There's a (very) occasional structure which may or may not be a home and may or may not be occupied.  Then, in the middle of this nowhere, we find:

this very pretty, very big church!  I'd love to be here on a Sunday, sitting in the cupola of the steeple, watching the neighbors gathering to worship!

We travel on to Carrington, stop in the local cafe for a hot lunch, and travel on.

We enter the Spirit Lake Indian Reservation at Sheyenne.  I don't know if you've ever been on a Reservation, but every single one we've been on is not pretty.  I realize the United States government wasn't giving away an oasis when it came to picking sites, but, come on.  It's been a hundred and, what? fifty years??  seventy-five??  And the last twenty of those years they've had casinos to help fund themselves...  I'm just sayin'...

And then we come upon Spirit Lake - well, what was Spirit Lake.



Now it seems to be everyone's favorite ice fishing spot!  It's a huge, huge lake, and as far around the shoreline as we travel we find mobile "villages" of ice fishermen (and women) (and children).



Notice the foreground.  While John is out taking photos I'm studying that ridge that follows the shoreline.  My mind is searching for a term that I've heard in the past and finally uncovers "pressure ridge."  I think that's what it's called.  I get John to zoom in on a particular section of it.  (It's an amazing marriage when the man will listen to the directions his wife gives when it comes to taking a picture...)  This is what he's got:


Isn't that what's called a pressure ridge, where two immovable objects butt up against each other, but one of them has to give?  That sheet of ice sticking up there is about 10" thick.  No wonder cars can drive on it.


This sucker is frozen solid, thick solid, all the way to the far shoreline - and it won't thaw out until next summer.  It's even got another 2 or 3 months to freeze even thicker!  Once you get past the pressure ridge it is flatter than a flitter and smooth as glass.


We have taken the eastern fork of the shoreline road and finally end up at the town of Devils Lake.  It's a pretty big place, right on U.S. Highway 2.  Interestingly, gasoline is 15 cents cheaper here than Grand Forks, so naturally Granpa has to fill up the gas tank.  I get a cup of hot tea and a candy bar, some peanuts for him, then we hit the road for home.  It's been a nice getaway day.




Saturday, January 12, 2013

The 49th Parallel and Pembina

To wrap it all up:

It 1823 the United States Army dispatched Major Stephen H. Long to Pembina (PEM-bih-naw) to officially locate the 49th parallel and, therefore, the U.S. / Canadian border as defined by the Treaty of Ghent.  He found that all but one cabin in Pembina was located on the U.S. side - and that one cabin actually straddled the 49th parallel.

Pembina was a very strategic location for the time because it linked the U.S. to the Hudson Bay territories.  The real estate adage, "location, location, location," has been forever true.  Even so, in 1823 when Major Long arrived there were only 350 people living in Pembina.  That's a pretty isolated location though, so it's really a pretty sizeable number.

Fifty years later, in 1872, another 60-man boundary team was commissioned and headquartered at Fort Pembina to use more "modern" equipment and locate the 49th parallel more precisely, finally ending any dispute about its location.

Minnesota was a state by 1858; it wasn't until 1889 that North Dakota became a state.  So Pembina is located at the very northeast corner of what would become North Dakota, one river-width from Minnesota, and literally one step from Canada.

One of the things keeping Pembina alive today is an unlikely business:




These guys produce 75% of the tour buses in America.  I had to get Granpa out of there fast before he decided to go custom order one!!

Friday, January 11, 2013

John Jacob Astor and the North Dakota Fur Trade

England's Hudson's Bay Company was chartered in 1670 and was the first established in North America.  About 1774 they moved inland to the North Red River area. 

Canada's North West Company was founded, in 1779.  Though their rivalry was fierce and bitter, by 1821 the two companies merged, retained the name Hudson's Bay, and is still in existence today.  Wow!  A company - an anything - in existence for 343 years!  You can even google it and find www.hbc.com (also known as The Bay).  You might even be buying from them and never knew that they were THE Hudson Bay Company!!

The only other long-term contender for the Red River fur trade was John Jacob Astor's American Fur Company.   (Not the best picture - but what do you expect for the 1700's?)

Library of Congress
Astor was born in Waldorf, German.  He heard about the fur business on board ship coming to America.  By opening new markets in Canada and the Great Lakes region his company became so successful that it was/is considered the first American business monopoly.  By 1800 he had a fortune of $250,000 - in the dollar of the day, not today's dollar!  In the next few years he had planned to flood Astoria (now in Oregon) with fur-trading posts, but the British captured them during the War of 1812.

Fur-trading pretty much came to a halt in the 1990's due to the efforts of wildlife conservationists.

Some reference material said Astor also made money in the opium trade - which is believable since China was one of his ports 'o call for the fur trade.

John Jacob Astor was also the founder of the rich and famous Astor family of New York.  One of his descendants died on the Titanic by allowing women and children to take his place on the rescue boats. 


Thursday, January 10, 2013

Now That The Packages Have Been Opened

Now that all the Christmas gifts have been opened back in Texas, I can show folks what keeps me busy during the day in North Dakota as a medical travelers wife:  This year it was crocheting.

Calin's

Nina's and a poncho for her doll

Rylee's
These aren't much in the way of gifts, and there are older grandkids that, let us say, get really un-excited when they get a handmade gift, so there had to be some cash, too.  I looked at buying cards to put the money in, but that just didn't seem like much fun.  Then I found my solution:

Little Kids
Big Kids


























Then  you box them up by family for shipping.

Christopher's Family

Jamie's Family














Larry's Family

 Toss in an envelope for the parents (one is always a kid at Christmas time!),
 and hope that someone is around with a camera when it comes time to open the packages.





Wednesday, January 9, 2013

Fur Sales in Europe



Land 'o gumption!  Look at the HATS the men were wearing back in Europe in the 1600's!!  No WONDER they wanted to start wearing beaver-skin top hats!  That guy kneeling in the front, showing furs to the dude, that guy is even wearing HIGH HEELS!


Give me good ol' Western wear any day:



Why, I’d wear this coat today!  Especially here in North Dakota in January!




















That fringe used to be longer but they would cut it off and use it for all kinds of things - like we use zip-ties today.  Yeah.  I'm glad I'm an American.  :-)



Tuesday, January 8, 2013

The Ox Cart Trade

By the 1840's, after the establishment of the 49th Parallel as the border between Canada and the U.S. and after the English and French had retreated above that, the principal means of getting the furs to market was first by ox cart.

Look at the size of those wheels!

The very first such cart used in the Red River fur trade was built in 1800 by Henry Alexander who was living in Pembina.  The trail they followed from Pembina to St. Paul, Minnesota was known as the Old Pembina Trail and covered a distance of 471 miles.  By 1869, 2,500 carts rattled and squeeled their way down the Trail loaded with furs and then back up with trade goods for Indians and settlers.

Looks like an 18-wheeler caravan of today's Interstate highways, huh?


A few years earlier the first steamboat came up the Red River of the North, and by 1878 the first railroad was completed as far up as St. Vincent, Minnesota.  Obviously, these methods of transportation replaced the ox cart almost completely.

Monday, January 7, 2013

Packing the Furs

Trappers couldn't change the weight of the hides, but they could have a bit of control over the size of the bundles.  This is a fur press:


Mighty big contraption for compressing a pack of furs.  Me?  I'd just sit on 'em.  Lord knows my backside is wide enough and heavy enough to squash the air outta that whole stack of furs!





Sunday, January 6, 2013

The Chippewa (or Ojibwe) and Fur Trappers

Pembina soon became the center of a vast trade territory whose main object of commerce was furs taken mostly from the Dakota side of the Red River and from western Canada.  When the French, English, and American fur trappers arrived and intermarried with the tribes creating the Metis, they would all meet in Pembina to prepare for buffalo hunts.

Skin that puppy! 

The Chippewa were among the largest groups of Native Americans - First Nations north of Mexico - living half in Canada and half in the U.S.  They were the first to insist on detailed, written treaties with the white man, and they even have the Midewiwin Society as a well-respected keeper of detailed and complex scrolls of events, history, songs, maps, memories, stories, (and get this!) geometry, and mathematics.  In 1745, they used the guns of Europeans to drive the Dakota Sioux farther south onto the American western plains.  They were known for their skill in making birch bark canoes, using birch bark for their sacred scrolls, cultivating wild rice and creating copper arrowheads for hunting - man AND beast!

By the end of the 1700's, the Ojibwe controlled nearly all of present-day Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and Minnesota areas. They also controlled the entire northern shores of Lake Huron on the Canadian side and all the way west to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota.  (Sounds like these were the guys that would have inhabited the Indian Nation the British wanted to establish as a buffer between Canada and the U.S.)

Trappers were here as early as 1729, and as early as 1738 the French laid claimed to the area now known as Fort Pembina. It wasn't until 1780 that it was considered "inhabited," with the first trading post (Fort Panbian) being built in 1797 by a Frenchman with the Northwest Company. 

John Adams was serving as second president of the United States (1797 - 1801), and the Dakota Territory would not be under United States jurisdiction for several years to come.  The Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon by Thomas Jefferson wasn't until 1803.

The Hudson Bay Company of England built a fort in Pembina in 1803 and occupied it until 1823.
The first permanent settlement began in 1812 by (surprise!) Scottish and Irish settlers.  They either tore down the Frenchman's Fort Panbian or incorporated it into their Fort Daer.

Religion arrived in 1818 in the form of two priests sent by the Bishop of Quebec.  His diocesan boundaries went from the Great Lakes, to the North Pole, to the Pacific Ocean! In 1823, when Pembina was determined to be on U.S. soil, the Englishmen relocated their priests and business to Fort Gary in what is now Winnipeg.  The clergy didn't return until 1848.

Whew!!

Saturday, January 5, 2013

Furry Critters

Even after the coming of man (especially the white man), the area abounded in furry critters,


(Not like that, Granpa!  Up close like THIS...)




 An American Marten










              and a Fisher.




Martens are like Minks, and they nest in trees like squirrels.  The Fisher is two to three times larger than the Marten and doesn't have the light patch on his chin and chest.

Granpa's picture does show their size difference better than my pictures, huh.  Maybe his way is better ... maybe.

There was also the beaver:


Beaver were big dudes weighing in at 30-40 pounds, but could be monster dudes weighing up to 70 pounds!  See his furless flat tail?  When there was danger around he would slap the water with his tail to alert his buddies.  It was also good (along with his webbed feet) for swimming.  His teeth were like chisels and set deep into the jaw bone so they didn't get pulled loose by all the gnawing.  I think I read somewhere that they also grew continuously so they never wore down.

Now, how many of those furs would it take to fill these packs?



First you set the traps, then you run the traps, then you skin the critters, tan the hides (or at least prep them), then you take them to the trading post in Pembina.  THIS is what is known as back-breaking work!

In one of my way-back-when earlier posts (November 14, 2011), I related the museum-learned fact that to buy a handmade Quaker-style hat in the 1840's, hunters could trade 100 rabbit hides.   Like I said, they used hides like money.


Friday, January 4, 2013

Earliest Settlers in North Dakota

We are talkin' ear-r-r-rly settlers, as in 5500 B.C. to 400 B.C.  Now, this is positively before Al Gore came up with Global Warming, but during this time it was very dry and warm around Pembina.  From an archeological dig in the area a part of a jaw bone was found and forensic anthropologists came up with this representation (like they do on the TV show, "Bones,") of what the woman that jaw bone belonged to might have looked like:


Her menfolk hunted with a nifty weapon called an atlatl.  Our sons learned about the atlatl in a church summer survival camp when they were teenagers.



The atlatl is a spear-throwing tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing.  (Mightly long dart!)  It pre-dates the bow and arrow.  There is a notch at the back end that you rest the dart or spear on:



They may not have known what "leverage" was, but they surely knew what worked.  The foot long throwing device allowed the hunter to throw a spear the length of a football field at a speed of sixty mph!  The additional velocity would be absolutely necessary to bring down something as large as the American Bison much less a Wooley Mammoth.  (Do you know what the daddy buffalo said to his son when he went off to his first day of school?  Bi-son!   Thank you, my Facebook friends!)

(I don't know why they depict that woman with such a not-happy look.  Surely even back then there were things worth smiling about.  Smiling keeps you healthy.  Everyone needs to smile more, hence the bison joke. :-)



Thursday, January 3, 2013

Pembina, North Dakota

Pembina (pronounced PEM-bih-naw) is the oldest settlement in the Dakota Territories.  It got its name from the Indian words "anepeminan sipi," meaning high bush cranberries.  The neat thing about IT is that the berries remain on the bush all winter - until someone or some thing comes along and eats them:


Like maybe a certain berry-eatin' man I know:


Gooood-lookin' feller, ain't he?